Defending Evolution And Its Importance - 1286 Words

Andrew Shin Mr. Coltman Anthro 1 April 23, 2015 Defending Evolution and its Importance The definition of creationism is the belief that the universe and living organisms originated from specific acts of a divine creation, as a biblical account, rather than natural processes such as evolution. Creationism is perhaps one of the biggest roadblocks that divides the educational system; it prevents the teaching of biological evolution because evolution is inconsistent with creationist ideals. Thus many court cases and debates have been devoted to the topic of creationism versus evolution. The problem lies within the creationists’ line of thinking, evolution doesn’t’t undermine creationists ideals. Creationists also lack the understanding of certain evolutionary concepts, which creates a false understanding of how evolution works. Creationists’ misconception does not give them justification to remove the teaching of biological evolution. There’s a substantial amount of evidence to debunk creationists claims as well as evidence to show logic al deductions showing the evolution theory to be most likely true. Evolution should not be removed from the academic curriculum due to creationists’ faulty understanding of evolution, derived from their misguided claims about creation itself. The main argument of creationism is that most of their ideals are just as scientific as any scientific practice, and therefore should be taught over evolution. The problem, in this situation, liesShow MoreRelatedCreation: Scientifically Proven? Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesbeliefs throughout the world and it attacks past heritages and religions. Is there not a God and if there was, can it be scientifically proven? With this concept in mind scientist can make a new set of theories in Macroevolution, which is the study of evolution in large portions such as the universe. With this, we find all sorts of ideas but no proven answers, as there is small evidence to the beginning of the world. We can use theories to answer creation or deny i t, for religious science theories are differentRead MoreThe Concept Of A Paradigm Shift1640 Words   |  7 PagesMicheal Shermer similarly outlined the emphasis Neo-Darwinism placed on constant reiteration of the importance of Darwin s â€Å"idea†, defined as a singular, revolutionary entity within the history of science that was first exclusively formed in 1837 and confirmed by others1 in the vein of Thomas S. Kuhn2 (as opposed to the very gradual process of disciplinary development in evolutionary science described in nuance by Ruse, albeit with the same revolutionary interpretation present3). Coyne likewiseRead MoreJust Post Bellum By Gary J. Bass1489 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts of importance of various classical and contemporary authors from the realistic-idealistic point of view of several events that promote an understanding of clear concepts of Just War and their relevance in the context of a globalized world. The author refutes the conventional perception that Pol itical leaders often invoke postwar evolution as bringing democracy or stability as part of justifying or condemning a war, (P. 384), when in reality other standards of postwar evolution exist. InRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a response to clergymen defending his actions that placed him in a jail in Birmingham, Alabama. King did not respond to all the criticism that crossed his desk, but this time King felt he was compelled to respond. This obligation King felt was due in part to men with good will and intentions stating that his actions were â€Å"unwise and untimely† (Pg. 835). King’s purpose in writing â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was to defend the strategyRead More Reflection of Cannibalistic Societies through Diary of a Madman And the Correlation to Todays Society1685 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual, he is considered no different from others in his culture in chapter three. At times a societal or government structure manipulates and devours its own members to gain benefit from the people as a whole, and not as individuals. The importance of individual people does not matter to the strong upper classes that control the majority, but only the things that the majority can do for the upper classes. The diarist realizes this when his Elder Brother and tenant farmer do not get affectedRead MoreThe Battle On Pork Chop Hill1362 Words   |  6 Pagessides. Various Infantry and Artillery units fought to capture and defend this hill. Using Artillery during this war was key for U.S. forces to capture and control Pork Chop Hill. Even though some would say it was a long drawn out war, it shows the importance of artillery during battle because it provides soldiers basic leadership skills, strengthens future generations of soldiers, and their basic military heritage and tactics. The Battle on Pork Chop Hill is a significant event in the war because itRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1726 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussing Darwinian and Modern Evidence in Support to The Theory of Evolution by Natural selection Evolution is the gradual development of life on Earth. It is responsible for the unusual carnivorous plants (species such as Dionaea muscipula), the beautiful coloured plume of the male peacock, even the possibility of cells adapting to protect against continual low exposure to radiation (Russo, GL. et al 2012). Without it, the lavish diversity of organic life we interact with every day would be non-existentRead MoreStarbucks’ Mission Social Responsibility and Brand Strength Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesThe case â€Å"Starbucks’ Mission Social Responsibility and brand Strength† basically discusses many things. It briefs you on how Starbucks came about in 1973 and how the company has evolved since then and the importance of defending its image. The company did many things to defend its image such as putting money back into the stake holder. Also Starbucks make a happy work environment by giving their employees full benefits. Starbucks offer one of the best heal th care programs in the coffee shop industryRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Developing The Educational Process1280 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Frederick Douglass, his brief period of mastering the basics of reading and writing from his mistress had given all that he needed to learn on his own (404-05). With this, it is evident that there is a very real possibility for self-evolution and development simply by providing cadets with the basic knowledge and skills to use technology. However, in the case of Douglass, the desire to strive for mastery came from the sudden denial of its opportunity by his mistress, which sparked a burningRead MoreNietzsche And Nietzsche On The Rationality Of Religious Belief1308 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and evaluate the views of Freud and Nietzsche, on the rationality of religious belief. Freud believes that religion belongs to a childish stage of human evolution with no purpose and that these religious beliefs lack a rational and strong foundation. He thought mature people approach a rational reasoning on religion Freud believes that there is no place for religion in our modern world today since it is already corrupted with evil. His view of our psychological role of beliefs and religion

Underground Airlines And The Secret Life Of Bees Tell Related

Underground Airlines and The Secret Life of Bees tell related thematic concepts through distinctly similar and different ways. Both Underground Airlines and The Secret Life of Bees discuss themes along the lines of, racism and prejudice brings pain and injustice, and to not judge a book by its cover. These two thematic concepts develop together throughout the course of each novel. Each novel has an individual narrative; Underground Airlines containing one of thrills and suspense set in present day when the civil war had never taken place. The other, The Secret Life of Bees, tells a slower, realistic fiction narrative set in the 1960’s. Similarities in the process of presenting the themes are found through the topics and events both novels†¦show more content†¦The main character recounts events of horrific injustice, racism and prejudice throughout the novel. While still living with her abusive father, the main character travels with her African American maid, Rosaleen , to claim her right to vote under the recently passed Voting Rights Act. On their way to the administration building, they are stopped by three white men, all repelled by the idea that she has the right to vote. Rosaleen, enraged by these men’s flawed ideologies and racist remarks spills tobacco spit onto one man’s shoes. Rosaleen is then beaten by the men, picked up by the police, and then hit again in front of the police, resulting in no punishment for the man who assaulted Rosaleen (Kidd). This, in addition to many other examples of similar degree, display the injustices and racism faced by the African American community during the 1960’s and the reasons racism should be fought against and looked down upon for the horrific beast that it is. In addition to this, the main character also helps to express the themes of not judging a book by it’s cover, through the main character’s self revelations. Once staying with the family for a short time and meeting their friend Zach, the main character, Lily, realizes that she has held a prejudice against the African American community due to her upbringing. She learns not to judge others by their skin color, because she finds the family is more

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding...

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Functionalist theories assume the different parts of a society each have their own role to play (their own function), and work together smoothly in order to form a harmonious whole (macro). The metaphor often used to describe functionalism is that it views society as a body, with the different socialisation agents —government, media, religion, the family, etc., and, of course, education—being like the different organs in a body, each contributing in a different way to keeping the entire body healthy. Functionalism assumes that the various institutions of a society always operate so as to support that†¦show more content†¦And education legitimates class inequalities by producing ideologies hat disguise its true cause. The function of ideology is to persuade workers to accept that inequality is inevitable and that they deserve their subordinate position in society. If they accept these ideas, they are less likely to challenge or threaten capitalism. Initially the functionalism view on education started with Emile Durkhiem who argued that society needs a sense of solidarity; that is, its individual members must feel themselves to be apart of a single ‘body’ or community. He argues that without social solidarity, social life and cooperation would be impossible because of each individual would persuade their own selfish desires. The education system helps to create social solidarity by transmitting society’s culture- its value consensus (shared norms, beliefs and values) from one generation to the next. For example, Durkhiem argues that the teaching of a country’s history and citizenship classes instils in children a sense of a shared heritage and a commitment to the wider social group. He also argues that education teaches individuals the specialist knowledge and skills that they need to play their part in the social division of labour. Parsons drew his ideas from Durkhiem’s. ParsonsShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism and Marxism. A Critical Evaluation Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdisciplines. These social sciences attempted to explain the rapid and fundamental changes which were shattering traditional ways of life in Britain and Europe. Sociology emerged as one of these innovative areas and sought to analyse the nature of society and the complexities within it using collective theories and perspectives. The construction of a sociological perspective can best be illustrated by the application of several fundamental questions, the responses and explanations of which, produceRead MoreFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pagesstability and participation within modern society. The social events are clarified by reference to the functions that achieves in allowing constancy within society. The society is related to biological organism in that the whole is seen to be made up of interd ependent and unified parts, this assimilation is the result of a general agreement on core values and norms. Over the process of socialisation, we can learn these rules of society, which are transformed into roles. Therefore, agreement is seeminglyRead MoreMarxism And Functionalism : Society And Sport Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay a comparison of two different sociological perspectives such as Marxism and Functionalism through society and sport, highlighting the benefits and problems. Both, Marxism and Functionalism are sets of ideas trying to provide an explanation for human society and how it operates. Marxism and Functionalism are both related to a structural view of sociology. That is according to Giddens observable patterns of behavior within a society that shapes the individual due to so many differentRead MoreSociological Theory3361 Words   |  14 Pagesin a society behave? Sociologists focus on the environment and the social aspects of human behaviour in order to answer questions like these when studying a particular society. A society is defined as a large social group that shares the same geographical territory and is governed by the same political authority and cultural expectations. Culture is defined as the shared values of a society such as language, beliefs and ways of doing things (Burton, 2013, online). When looking at a society thereRead MoreSocial Factors That Influence The Patient Doctor Relationship1789 Words   |  8 Pageswould impact on different generations living different lifestyles and changing societies. â€Å"Adolescence is indeed a tempestuous period†, (Thorne, B Lambers.1998). Finally I find language barriers a major social factor as if you can’t understand what your doctor is saying to you it has complications in treatment and there is not always a translator available. 2: Discuss how functionalists/ interactionalists / Marxists might view these factors Starting with interactionalists who view healthRead MoreThe Social Perspectives Functionalism And Marxism Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern society. The social events are clarified by reference to the functions that achieves in allowing constancy within society. Functionalism state that education helps the needs of industrial society by an advanced labour, education helps the needs of the social system by teaching pupils communal values, norms and beliefs. This leads to great social solidarity. The education means those who have the skill that can move up the social classes, such as meritocracy. Parson believes that education is partRead MoreEvaluate Functionalists Views on the Role of Functions in Society Today2539 Words   |  11 PagesEvaluate Functionalists views on the role and functions of religion today. Functionalism is a macro theory, which is based on society as a whole, rather than just that of the individual. It is argued that functionalism generates many things for society. Religion, from a functionalist point of view, socialises people, teaching them norms and values of society, which are the basis for social unity. Religion further is a structure within functionalism which aids in influencing individuals lives. FunctionalismRead MoreScly1 Past Papers7036 Words   |  29 Pageson abortion; divorce; contraception; reproductive technology; marriage; adoption; pensions; benefits; taxes; education; childcare; child protection; sexuality; immigration may be discussed Analysis and evaluation may be developed, for instance by comparing the impact of different policies/laws or by discussing perspectives on social policy and the family (eg New Right, feminist, functionalist etc) From the examiner’s report: The most successful answers were able to identify relevant policies whichRead MoreStructural Consensus And Conflict Theories Of Social Action2201 Words   |  9 Pagesconflict theories of social action such as Durkheimian, Parsonian, Marxist and Weberian with interpretivist perspectives. The aim is to outline the main features of each theory whilst critically analysing the similarities and differences between them. It will also examine the relevance of these theories within modern day society. Durkheim was one of the most influential sociologists in relation to the functionalist theories which stated society consisted of a structural consensus with a collective conscienceRead MoreEssay about The Function of Education2078 Words   |  9 PagesThe Function of Education Education is an aspect of socialisation which involves the acquisition of knowledge and learning of skills. It shapes our beliefs and moral values through a systematic formal transmission. Education is said be an integral function of society, as it provides a contributory characteristic which helps to maintain and adapt society and its values. Before the 1960s, education was taught through a system known as the Tripartite system. This

Huckleberry Finn free essay sample

A paper which introduces and discusses Mark Twains use of satire in his novel Huckleberry Finn. An examination of Mark Twains use of satire in Huckleberry Finn. The author explains how Twain uses satire and humor often in his novels, and Huckleberry Finn is no exception. The paper shows that his rich characters use their dialects and intellects to ridicule just about anything that Twain had strong feelings about. There are many critics however; who do not see the satire regarding blacks as amusing at all, and think the book should be banned from schools, especially for its use of the word nigger. In fact, one writer opens his argument with, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is the most grotesque example of racist trash ever written (Leonard, Tenney and Davis 16). While there were also many who criticized Twains book when it was first published, they did not point out the obvious racial satire, their decisions to ban the book said it was absolutely immoral in its tone, and it seems to contain but very little humor (Unknown 6). For Jim and Huck, their various mishaps and adventures proved childish in a sense that they are taken generally lightly. Take for instance the discovery of the corpse in the floating house (Page 44). With discoveries like this murder, and other various mishaps the boys behave as they should, as boys. None the less, the two are not yet matured and ostracized of their real â€Å"boyhoods. † Within just the first few pages, we see that Huck is truly playful at heart, when he is sneaking around in the forest in search of a ghost, and runs into Tom; â€Å"Tom whispered to me and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun† (10). Although Jim is a young adult, his childish antics seem more prevalent then Huck’s. His silly superstitions of bad luck occurred more often then not backing up the notion of youth, â€Å"And Jim said you mustn’t count the things you are going to cook for dinner, because that would be bad luck. The same if you shook the table-cloth after sundown† (41). The boys are young, foolish and generally playful in nature. With respect to Jim’s and Huck’s lives, Jim has lived a life of slavery and Huck of brutal mishaps with a drunken father. The two are certainly not the poster boys for the stereotyped youth. I argue that this very adventure is some sort of escape from their real lives to experience a false sense of childhood and freedom thereby justifying the success yet heavily debated, ending. In tying this reoccurring theme to the ending, it sets the stage well for the re-entry of Tom Sawyer, perhaps the most childish of them all, to plan the great escape. Pushing simplicity aside and resorting to drastic, elaborate and foolish plots, Sawyer replaces the relative ease of success to that of immaturity and the reoccurring theme of youth and frivolous behaviour. For Sawyer it is a game, just as his idea for the band of robbers at the beginning of the novel (Page 12), Tom’s ideas run wild as Huck simply tags along for the ride deciding it best not to argue, but go with the crowd. When it came down to Tom’s ideas, â€Å"Everybody was willing†¦. Everybody said it was a real beautiful oath. † (Page 12). Not once is Huck’s true will shown, just that of the others. The journey versus quest ideas appears more often then not when speaking of the novel as a whole. Are Huck and Finn simply on a trip with no destination, or are they truly in search of some common goal? Leo Marx’s general interpretation of the story is that the journey is really a quest (Page 326). He believes that Twain fails to take into consideration, the common goals and attributes associated with journeys. James M. Cox disagrees with Marx, saying; to see the journey as a quest, whereas it simply is not at any time a quest. A quest is a positive journey, implying an effort a struggle to reach a goal. But Huck is escaping. His journey is primarily a negation, a flight from tyranny, not a flight toward freedom. (Page 350) Cox views the story as a great escape, not a search for freedom. I view it not as an escape, nor a quest, but an adventure. This adventure has no real goal or end, it is one that the events unfold unwillingly and the characters must adapt themselves accordingly to the obstacles ahead. Just as the thrills of the adventure seem to die down and Jim’s escape proves to be a success, Tom puts more fuel onto the fire placing the two convicts into the spotlight once again with his flamboyant plan. Even though Tom knows of Jim’s already granted freedom, he wants to continue the adventure of which he had missed so much of. As Huck tells Tom what has been missed, â€Å"And he wanted to know all about it right off; because it was a grand adventure, and mysterious, and so it hit him where he lived† (178). Even with all that has happened and the trouble Huck and Jim are in, Tom takes no time to join in the fun and games, â€Å"I’ll help you steal him! † (178). I believe that Twain’s admiration for Sawyer interferes with the ending as Twain wants to again put Sawyer in the spotlight aside from Huck and Jim and their easy way out. The adventure was not yet over, and Twain had no intention of ending just yet. Much emphasis is put onto the last several chapters of this meaningless great escape, an escape that would inevitably prove futile, and provide for an unclear ending, leaving readers to question, why all the fuss? Adventures, unlike quests and journeys are haphazard; the odds of a runaway slave and small town southern boy jumping on a raft, and searching for freedom seemed very dubious. In the end their childish, yet entertaining adventure ended up like many of Sawyers and Huck’s adventures, missing the main objective, but providing for some great stories of fun and excitement. Another way to divide the criticism of the ending of the novel is to split the seriousness and the satire. The novel can be viewed as satire, with Tom providing the comic relief with his Romanticist like ideas. On the contrary, it can be viewed with utter disappointment, in regards to an overall poor and easy way to end the novel. As Marx argues, humour is used to mask the very human existence in which Huck faces (Page 337-338). I believe that Twain wants to abandon the notion of seriousness (slavery, southern hospitality, etc) to that of foolishness and childlike antics. Take, for instance, when Huck does some reconnaissance dressed as a woman, but gets caught in the act when he catches the lead ball between his legs (Page 48-54). Or when the town first realizes that Huck is gone and fires cannon over the water and throws mercury poisoned bread into the river. Superstitious, but silly antics like these and many others help back up the notion for humour. Although both of these events occur near the beginning of the novel, their direct sense of humour can be linked to the ending and its own satire. I believe that Twain’s message was impartial to that of the touchy subjects of slavery and general prejudice, but more so to that of the direct targeting of laughter and folly of the boys. Take into consideration when Tom and Huck visit Jim in his captivity. Their quick wit and cunning easily deter the African American guard from believing that they knew Jim. Almost playing with the guard in a sense they manage to easily confuse him (Page 186-187). There is much humour in the book, and the ending does seem to fit well into this category. As V. S. Pritchett depicts it is humour, The curious thing about Huckleberry Finn is that, although it is one of the funniest books in all literature and really astonishing in the variety of its farce and character, we are even more moved than we are amused by it (305). Twain portrays the very touchy subject of racial discrimination into a different light, that of adolescence and humour. Putting this concept into a better perspective, comedian s and late night talk show hosts use this approach all the time when they joke about, poor health care, corrupt government and international wars. Seemingly easier to interpret for the general public this method gets the message across in an indirect but serious way. The last few chapters take this approach to end the novel in a way befit for satire. Read by young and old alike, the American classic of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has causes many to question the ending. Why can the ending not be accepted by all? In my view, the novel seems to come off as marking its target audience as a matured populace; although that doesn’t mean that younger generations can’t see its underlying themes. With the childlike background but adult-focused audience, an ending to fit these two groups appropriately would be difficult to pull off. Should there be a â€Å"and lived happily ever after† mentality or perhaps one of enlightenment and justice? I think that the novel takes the cliched happily ever after approach. Lionel Trilling points out, â€Å"yet some device is needed to permit Huck to return to his anonymity, to give up the role of hero, to fall into the background which he prefers† (326). This very device in which Trilling suggests is that of the simple solution to end the novel on a subtle note. There needed to be something to bring Huck back to the norm of everyday life as to which the novel began. Although that life consisted of brutal mishaps with his father, in comparison to the murders, lies and scandals he so recently witnesses, the life he lived before was far more stable. I think that this very device in which Trilling depicts is needed to be somehow incorporated to place Huck back into the norm of everyday society as that which the novel began. For Twain it seemed fit to deal with the easy way out in wrapping up the story briefly and without conflict. With Huck’s fortune secured, his father dead and Jim a free man (228-229), the story ends relatively stable. All great adventures must come to an end. The irony that everything turns out almost too perfectly is that of the childlike attribute. Even when everything is settled, Huck says, â€Å"Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me and I can’t stand it. I been there before† (229). By throwing in this tidbit of humour at the very end, Twain relates back to humour and general satisfaction, knowing that our hero can rest at ease. This trend can be found in many children’s novels and stories such as â€Å"Cinderella†, â€Å"The Sleeping Beauty†, and â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood, † each of which has an unconvincing, but generally satisfying ending. The â€Å"happily ever after† theme appears more often then not and is a sure way to win over the audience, it does not provide for a easy out, but simply a means to please the audience and climax the story.

The Impact of Mere Exposure Effect on Visual Stimuli free essay sample

The two hypotheses were tested using visible and suppressed geometric visual patterns. The data attained showed decreasing preference for the stimuli in the following order of exposure – conscious, unconscious and no prior exposure. The findings indicate that the impact is least in the nonexposed, less but still present in the subconscious exposure and most in the conscious, leading to the deduction that affinity for a stimulus occurs even without conscious cognition, the mere exposure effect, which is explained in greater detail below. The first hypothesis is supported by Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc (1980), who tested the relationship between unconscious exposure and preference, and showed that positive reactions towards test stimuli were quicker for affect compared to cognitive, which led to the conclusion that liking is formed more affectively, and less cognitively. The second hypothesis is consistent with studies by Newell and Shanks (2007), which conclude that greater exposure induces recognition, which in turn, increases familiarity and fosters a higher preference towards accustomed shapes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Mere Exposure Effect on Visual Stimuli or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This concept is known as the mereexposure effect (Zajonc, 1968). Results of this experiment can be attributed to the perceptual fluency model in which repeated and long exposure duration enhances overall fluency of processing visual stimuli and creates a preference effect (Newell Shanks, 2007). Hence, both the hypotheses in this experiment are coherent with previous research, Page 1 of 5? demonstrating that preference increases with greater exposure, regardless of the presence of conscious decision-making. On the contrary, the correction process theory studied by Bornstein and D’Agostino (1992) found that the magnitude of mere exposure effect was greater in subliminal stimuli exposure rather than supraliminal when ratings were made with accuracy (above chance level). Bornstein and D’Agostino (1992) backed this theory by showing that subjects had engaged in the correction process, voluntarily discounting an otherwise greater affinity towards supraliminal stimuli. Our experiment is not the only experiment that did not concur with Bornstein and D’Agostino’s findings, findings by Newell Shank (2007) showed similar findings to ours. The findings may be also attributed to several methodological limitations. Firstly, the specific usage of geometric visual patterns as stimuli may have induced a bias as preference for certain shapes appeals differently to individuals. Therefore, the adoption of other stimuli such as auditory (Heingartner Hall, 1974), random shapes (Seamon, Marsh Brody, 1984) and photographs of unfamiliar faces (Bornstein, Loene Gallery, 1987) could possibly reduce this bias. Moreover, Wang and Chang (2010) suggest that preference is determined by the recollective state of individuals as opposed to the actual presence of stimuli. Hence, uncontrollable variable factors such as sleep deprivation (Havewoud et. al. , 2010) and bored (Bornstein, Kale Cornell, 1990), which impair cognitive processes and inhibit affective reaction, are limiting conditions for this experiment. Furthermore, our experiment required subjects to maintain a constant fixed level visual contact for optimal delivery of visual stimuli. Thus, a disruption of visual position at any time would compromise the result of the experiment. This study evaluated supraliminal and subliminal stimuli simultaneously; and due to this structure, preferences of subjects are susceptible to misattribution of perceptual fluency (Fang, Singh Ahluwalia, 2007). Hence, residual preferences for supraliminal stimuli may Page 2 of 5? have enhanced perceptual fluency when processing subliminal stimuli. Therefore to avoid this â€Å"contamination† of results of one by the other, two separate experiments should be performed one at a time, with either supraliminal or subliminal stimuli as the only variable, all other conditions being the same. Although mere exposure effect has been repeatedly reported, further empirical studies should be performed on affective and cognitive judgments to analyse their independence as well as their relationship, as suggested by Zajonc (1980). Another interesting proposition study by Moreland Topolinski (2010) is the impact of visual processing inference, such as mental imaginary, on mere exposure effect for visual stimuli. Additionally, the nature of the correction process (Bornstein and D’Agostino, 1992) should be further investigated with regards exposure duration and preference.